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This paper begins by arguing that the tight relation between the selection of a theoretical framework, its related methodology and the type of knowledge produced in social science research is not an arbitrary matter. If the goal of research is to improve practice, then the way in which a social theory conceptualises causality is critical. For this reason, the second section of the paper introduces readers to Roy Bhaskar’s philosophy of Critical Realism, which, it is claimed, provides an understanding of ontology and causality adequate to begin to address the complex nature of social problems. The third section highlights Critical Realism’s distinctive contribution to researching the social sciences. The fourth section makes the link between the implications of Critical Realist theory for methodology, emphasising its capacity to generate research that can reveal the causal mechanisms at work in specific contexts and conditions. The fifth section describes and critiques a small-scale mixed methods research project in order to offer a concrete demonstration of how the Critical Realist approach might generate a deeper analysis of causality. A sixth section discusses a relevant critique and limitation of Critical Realism.

Understanding the first-order controls governing CO₂ plume migration is important for geological carbon storage education and preliminary reservoir screening. However, existing approaches often rely on computationally intensive reservoir simulators that are unsuitable for rapid conceptual learning. This study presents a lightweight interactive reduced-order educational tool developed in a Python/Google Colab environment for visualization and sensitivity analysis of simplified CO₂ plume migration. The framework integrates synthetic geomodel generation, simplified plume-growth relationships, buoyancy-driven migration, permeability anisotropy, and interactive parameter exploration within an openly reproducible workflow. Baseline-controlled tornado analysis, one-parameter sweeps, and two-parameter interaction analysis demonstrate the influence of key geological and operational parameters on simplified plume behaviour. Although not intended to replace full-physics reservoir simulation, the openly available Python/Google Colab notebook enables users to visualize, modify, and extend the reduced-order workflow for teaching, conceptual understanding, and preliminary CO₂ storage screening.

弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的《达洛维夫人》一直受到文学批评家们的广泛关注，但少有学者对小说中的“凝视”现象进行集中研究。对此，本研究通过对该意识流小说的细读，分析了文本中大量存在的凝视现象。具体而言，小说中的三类被凝视对象分别对应不同的凝视机制：“丑者”受制于性别凝视及由此内化而成的自我凝视，“穷者”承受权力凝视并试图以反凝视进行抗争，“疯者”则遭受社会凝视与医学凝视的双重围困。小说映射了英国社会中各种权力向下的全方位渗透，以此批判了二十世纪初英国社会的权力主体通过“凝视”这一规训技术控制民众的行为。本研究不仅深化了对伍尔夫小说权力批判维度的理解，也为凝视理论在文学分析中的具体应用提供了可资借鉴的分析路径。